可見光偽裝方法

Visible light camouflage method

可見光偽裝主要通過模仿背景環(huán)境的反射光譜，減少目標(biāo)與背景的反射光譜差異，從而降低目標(biāo)的可探測性。目前可見光偽裝主要依靠迷彩涂層實現(xiàn)。所謂迷彩，就是軍事上使用的可能使人產(chǎn)生錯覺的色彩。迷彩圖案可以使士兵與背景環(huán)境相融合，提高士兵的作戰(zhàn)能力和行動的隱蔽性。

Visible light camouflage mainly imitates the reflection spectrum of the background environment, reducing the difference in reflection spectra between the target and the background, thereby reducing the detectability of the target. At present, visible light camouflage mainly relies on camouflage coatings. The so-called camouflage refers to the colors used in military that may create illusions. Camouflage patterns can blend soldiers with the background environment, improving their combat capabilities and the concealment of their actions.

迷彩主要可以分成 3 種：保護(hù)迷彩、變形迷彩和仿造迷彩。保護(hù)迷彩只有單一色調(diào)，如綠色，工藝簡單，生產(chǎn)成本低，但是偽裝效果差；變形迷彩由多種形狀不規(guī)則、大小不一的斑點(diǎn)組成，主要用于活動目標(biāo)；仿造迷彩是模仿自然背景圖案和顏色的迷彩，多用于固定目標(biāo)。

Camouflage can be mainly divided into three types: protective camouflage, deformable camouflage, and imitation camouflage. Protecting camouflage only has a single color tone, such as green, which has a simple process and low production cost, but the camouflage effect is poor; Metamorphous camouflage is composed of various irregularly shaped and sized spots, mainly used for moving targets; Imitation camouflage is a camouflage that imitates natural background patterns and colors, often used to fix targets.

保護(hù)迷彩和變形迷彩屬于比較普通的迷彩。隨著偵查設(shè)備的不斷發(fā)展，設(shè)備的分辨率很大程度上得到提高，普通的迷彩已經(jīng)不能滿足要求，所以數(shù)碼迷彩應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。在某種意義上數(shù)碼迷彩也屬于仿造迷彩。所謂數(shù)碼迷彩就是由一個個稱之為“像素”的小方格構(gòu)成的迷彩圖案。早在20世紀(jì)70年代末，美國就對數(shù)碼迷彩進(jìn)行了研究，但研究效果不理想。到90年代，數(shù)碼迷彩技術(shù)快速發(fā)展，尤其是加拿大研制出的數(shù)碼迷彩林地偽裝服，具有良好的可見光偽裝性能。數(shù)碼迷彩通過色塊的多種組合，使得不同顏色間的邊緣模糊和破碎，且顏色對比度很弱。相比之下，普通迷彩斑點(diǎn)之間的界線分明，邊緣平滑，色塊顏色對比程度高。因此，數(shù)碼迷彩更加容易使士兵與背景環(huán)境相融合，并且方便對圖案的尺寸大小進(jìn)行精確控制，不易重復(fù)，減少了人工設(shè)計時的主觀性影響。

Protective camouflage and deformable camouflage are relatively common types of camouflage. With the continuous development of reconnaissance equipment, the resolution of the equipment has been greatly improved, and ordinary camouflage can no longer meet the requirements, so digital camouflage has emerged. In a sense, digital camouflage also belongs to imitation camouflage. The so-called digital camouflage is a camouflage pattern composed of small squares called pixels. As early as the late 1970s, the United States conducted research on digital camouflage, but the research results were not ideal. In the 1990s, digital camouflage technology developed rapidly, especially the digital camouflage forest camouflage suit developed in Canada, which had good visible light camouflage performance. Digital camouflage uses various combinations of color blocks to blur and shatter the edges between different colors, and the color contrast is weak. In contrast, regular camouflage spots have clear boundaries, smooth edges, and high contrast in color blocks. Therefore, digital camouflage makes it easier for soldiers to integrate with the background environment, and facilitates precise control of the size of the pattern, making it less repetitive and reducing the subjective impact of manual design.

近紅外偽裝方法

Near infrared camouflage method

實施近紅外偽裝多是對目標(biāo)的紅外輻射特性進(jìn)行改進(jìn)使其難以被發(fā)現(xiàn)。由于紅外線沒有顏色之分，目標(biāo)被偵查到多是因為其亮度與背景不同。在近紅外波段，由于紅外偵查主要根據(jù)反射光譜，所以要使目標(biāo)的近紅外反射光譜與背景相似。

Implementing near-infrared camouflage often involves improving the infrared radiation characteristics of targets to make them difficult to detect. Due to the lack of color differentiation in infrared, targets are detected more often because their brightness is different from the background. In the near-infrared band, as infrared reconnaissance mainly relies on the reflection spectrum, it is necessary to make the near-infrared reflection spectrum of the target similar to the background.

對于單兵偽裝服而言，實現(xiàn)近紅外偽裝一般采用低發(fā)射率的近紅外偽裝涂料或染料。早在20世紀(jì)70年代國外就開始研究近紅外涂料。美國早研究出一種四色迷彩涂料，可以同時防可見光、近紅外光和紫外光，以黃褐色、褐色為主，暗綠色和黑色為輔。在國內(nèi)，王順奎等發(fā)明了一種新型多譜段偽裝涂料，能同時防可見光、近紅外和熱紅外探測，性能優(yōu)異。郭利等以聚氨酯為基體，研制了一種與植物反射光譜相似的近紅外偽裝涂層，有效提高了近紅外偽裝性能。

For individual camouflage suits, low emissivity near-infrared camouflage coatings or dyes are generally used to achieve near-infrared camouflage. As early as the 1970s, research on near-infrared coatings began abroad. The United States has developed a four color camouflage coating that can simultaneously prevent visible light, near-infrared light, and ultraviolet light, with yellow brown and brown as the main colors, and dark green and black as auxiliary colors. In China, Wang Shunkui and others have invented a new type of multi band camouflage coating that can simultaneously prevent visible light, near-infrared, and thermal infrared detection, with excellent performance. Guo Li et al. developed a near-infrared camouflage coating using polyurethane as the substrate, which is similar to the plant reflection spectrum, effectively improving the near-infrared camouflage performance.

紅外涂層的方法工藝簡單、效率高，但是涂層會導(dǎo)致偽裝服的透氣性下降、服用性能差、耐水洗性差等問題，所以紅外偽裝染料又成為了研究新方向。原CIBA（汽巴）和BASF（巴斯夫）公司研制出適用于纖維素纖維織物的還原染料（CI還原黑27、CI還原棕1等），這些染料發(fā)射率低，具有良好的近紅外偽裝效果，在可見光波段也有很好的防護(hù)效果。徐園園研究了還原染料對織物近紅外偽裝性能的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)灰黑染料能有效調(diào)節(jié)織物在可見光波段的反射率，炭黑則能調(diào)節(jié)近紅外波段的反射率。

The method of infrared coating is simple and efficient, but the coating can lead to decreased breathability, poor wearing performance, and poor water washing resistance of camouflage clothing. Therefore, infrared camouflage dyes have become a new research direction. CIBA (Ciba) and BASF (BASF) have developed reducing dyes (CI reduced black 27, CI reduced brown 1, etc.) suitable for cellulose fiber fabrics. These dyes have low emissivity, good near-infrared camouflage effect, and good protective effect in the visible light band. Xu Yuanyuan studied the effect of reducing dyes on the near-infrared camouflage performance of fabrics and found that gray black dyes can effectively adjust the reflectivity of fabrics in the visible light band, while carbon black can adjust the reflectivity in the near-infrared band.

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